At what age range does Level 0 of Selman's friendship framework typically appear?

Level 0 of Selman's friendship framework is characterized by a stage where children's understanding of friendship is quite primitive and revolves around basic, concrete interactions. Typically, this level is observed in children aged 3 to 6 years. During this age range, children begin to develop simple social interactions, but they often perceive friendship primarily in terms of physical presence and shared activities rather than deeper emotional connections.

At this stage, friendships are often formed based on proximity and play rather than mutual understanding or emotional support. Children in this age range may not yet consider the perspective of others in their friendships, and their social connections are mainly centered around tangible experiences, such as playing together or sharing toys. This emerging sense of friendship lays the foundation for more complex social relationships as they grow older and progress into the next levels of the framework.